Flask中一次请求到响应的流程
Flask的请求到响应的处理流程和Django还是比较类似的,毕竟都是遵循着Pep3333,即WSGI协议。但在对请求的具体处理上还是有很多不同的,本文主要介绍Flask的请求处理流程。
Flask的APP的实例是Flask类的实例,所以下面的方法几乎都是Flask类的源码,有兴趣的自己也可以看一下。
先把响应接口方法贴出来,然后进行分析:
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
"""Shortcut for :attr:`wsgi_app`."""
return self.wsgi_app(environ, start_response)
def wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
"""The actual WSGI application. This is not implemented in
`__call__` so that middlewares can be applied without losing a
reference to the class. So instead of doing this::
"""
ctx = self.request_context(environ)
ctx.push()
error = None
try:
try:
response = self.full_dispatch_request()
except Exception as e:
error = e
response = self.make_response(self.handle_exception(e))
return response(environ, start_response)
finally:
if self.should_ignore_error(error):
error = None
ctx.auto_pop(error)
上面这个方法就是作为WSGI应用的接口。
当我们接收到一个请求后:
1、请求入栈
首先根据WSGI发送的environ变量构造请求上下文,主要是根据函数ctx = self.request_context(environ),然后将该请求上下文推入全局变量_request_ctx_stack中(ctx.push()).
def request_context(self, environ):
return RequestContext(self, environ)
这一点上和Django还是有很大的不同的。
Flask是将request直接压入栈,request成为了请求上下文,包含了所有请求相关的信息,然后我们在使用时就可以直接使用request了,比如直接在视图函数中用request.args.get('query_string')。
但Django就不是这种处理方式,Django是采取传入参数的方式,即将request传入到下一步调用的函数。
2、before_first_functions执行
得到请求后,要触发钩子函数:第一次请求函数,如果是该应用是第一次实例化,并存在第一次请求之前函数(存在before_first_req_func字典中),会调用存在该字典中的函数。当然一个实例也只执行一次,即在初始化的时候执行。
3、发送请求开始信号
在真正调度视图,处理请求前,此时会首先发送请求开始信号,request_started,告知所有的subscriber请求开始了。FLask的信号机制可以保证一定程度的解耦性。后面还有 before_request,after_request等等钩子函数。在Django中,与其对应的是中间件的几个不同阶段的方法。
4、before_request钩子
如果存在before_request装饰的函数(函数位置在before_request_func字典中),那么在调用正常请求前会调用该函数。
@setupmethod
def before_request(self, f):
"""Registers a function to run before each request.
The function will be called without any arguments.
If the function returns a non-None value, it's handled as
if it was the return value from the view and further
request handling is stopped.
"""
self.before_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
return f
从函数可以看到,这是一个装饰器,被该装饰器修饰的函数会添加到字典中。
5、视图调度
如果上面的钩子函数没有返回值,就调用正常的请求,返回一个该请求函数的值。 但如果有返回值就掉过该部。所以,我们想自己定义的时候,函数也不要添加返回值。
调用请求的源代码:
def dispatch_request(self):
"""Does the request dispatching. Matches the URL and returns the
return value of the view or error handler. This does not have to
be a response object. In order to convert the return value to a
proper response object, call :func:`make_response`.
.. versionchanged:: 0.7
This no longer does the exception handling, this code was
moved to the new :meth:`full_dispatch_request`.
"""
req = _request_ctx_stack.top.request
if req.routing_exception is not None:
self.raise_routing_exception(req)
rule = req.url_rule
# if we provide automatic options for this URL and the
# request came with the OPTIONS method, reply automatically
if getattr(rule, 'provide_automatic_options', False) \
and req.method == 'OPTIONS':
return self.make_default_options_response()
# otherwise dispatch to the handler for that endpoint
return self.view_functions[rule.endpoint](**req.view_args)
看上面,适配URL的时候,首先我们从栈顶拿出我们压入的请求。然后得到request的url_rule,这是我们在请求开始的时候,根据URL_Aadpter已经获得了对应的URL的Rule实例。具体的可以看我写的博客:Flask路由思想。
然而,对于Django是不同的,Django在每次请求时,都会根据你已经定义好的ROOT_URLCONF模块中,在urlpatterns列表中进行正则匹配。
6、构造响应类
上述返回的只是视图函数的返回值,我们还要构造标准的HTTP响应类。包括响应头信息。
def make_response(self, rv):
"""Converts the return value from a view function to a real
response object that is an instance of :attr:`response_class`.
The following types are allowed for `rv`:
======================= ===========================================
:attr:`response_class` the object is returned unchanged
:class:`str` a response object is created with the
string as body
:class:`unicode` a response object is created with the
string encoded to utf-8 as body
a WSGI function the function is called as WSGI application
and buffered as response object
:class:`tuple` A tuple in the form ``(response, status,
headers)`` where `response` is any of the
types defined here, `status` is a string
or an integer and `headers` is a list of
a dictionary with header values.
======================= ===========================================
:param rv: the return value from the view function
.. versionchanged:: 0.9
Previously a tuple was interpreted as the arguments for the
response object.
"""
status = headers = None
if isinstance(rv, tuple):
rv, status, headers = rv + (None,) * (3 - len(rv))
if rv is None:
raise ValueError('View function did not return a response')
if not isinstance(rv, self.response_class):
# When we create a response object directly, we let the constructor
# set the headers and status. We do this because there can be
# some extra logic involved when creating these objects with
# specific values (like default content type selection).
if isinstance(rv, (text_type, bytes, bytearray)):
rv = self.response_class(rv, headers=headers, status=status)
headers = status = None
else:
rv = self.response_class.force_type(rv, request.environ)
if status is not None:
if isinstance(status, string_types):
rv.status = status
else:
rv.status_code = status
if headers:
rv.headers.extend(headers)
return rv
7、执行process_response
在得到响应之后,发送给WSGI SERVER之前会调用after_request装饰的函数,并返回响应类。 Flask中也把其叫做process_response,和Django一样,不过Django中还多了一个异常的钩子方法,即异常的时候我自动调用异常的钩子,process_exception_response。
除了执行钩子函数外,还有一个过程,即更新session。如果此时session内容发生更新了,就需要重新执行Set-cookie。
process_response会调用下面的这个方法:
def save_session(self, app, session, response):
domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
if not session:
if session.modified:
response.delete_cookie(app.session_cookie_name,
domain=domain, path=path)
return
httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
val = self.get_signing_serializer(app).dumps(dict(session))
response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, val,
expires=expires, httponly=httponly,
domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
8、发送请求结束信号
到此为止,已经得到了响应类,这时发送一个request_finished.通知订阅者,我结束了。
9、应用将响应发送给客户端,利用响应函数response(environ, start_response)。
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